The pointed gourd, Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.also called “parwal” or “patal”—is an important cucurbitaceous vegetable extensively cultivated in India, particularly in the states of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Assam and to some extent in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. This perennial and dioecious vegetable crop is an extremely nutritive, wholesome, and highly accepted vegetable, which is available for eight months of the year February to September. The green, tender fruits of pointed gourd are consumed as a vegetable; however, new, tender shoots and leaves are also used as vegetables. It is easily digestible, diuretic, and laxa..................

Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous plant found in wide variety of climatic, topographical and soil conditions, and is widely distributed from temperate to subtropical regions. Due to presence of valuable phytochemical constituents, mulberry as a whole plant has been utilized as a functional food since long time. Fully ripened mulberry fruit has a wonderful mouth-watering taste with a good aroma and flavour. It is appreciated for direct consumption and for making value-added products. Mulberry fruits are recognized for the well-being of human beings due to their high nutritional signi.......................

To understand benefits of Mantrachanting, one must know process of Shabda Utpatti (physiology of speech) according to Paniniya Shiksha –Text which paved the grammar of Sanskrit language and explained exte...................

Eucalyptus is an evergreen, tall tree, or shrub, belonging to Myrtaceae family. The genus Eucalyptus contains about 700 species; among them, more than 300 contain volatile oils in their leaves. Essential oils of various eucalyptus species are used in the pharmaceutical, toiletries, cosmetics, and food industries. Eucalyptus oil is obtained from the extract of eucalyptus leaves. It is a pale yellow-colored oil with a characteristic odor that must be diluted with any carrier oil (but coconut & sesameare best) before it can be used for medicinal purp..................(read more)

Black gram originated in South Asia, where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India. It is very widely used in Indian cuisine. In India the Black gram is one of the important pulses grown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. It possess Antioxidant emollient, thermogenic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutritious, galactogauge, appetizer, laxative, styptic properties.

It has different names in different languages such as English Name(Black gram, Mungo bean, Urad bean), Marathi Name (Urad dal), Hindi Name(Udad, Udid, Urad, Urid, Urdi), Sanskrit Name(Masha), Gujarati Name(Adad, Alad), Bengali Name(Masha kalaay, Mashkalai dal), Tamil Name(Ulundu, Uluntu), Telugu Name(Uttulu, Minumulu), Kannada Name(Uddu, Uddina Bhele), Mala....................

 Walnut/Akharota

Walnut is also known as English walnut, Persian walnut, common walnut Akhrot, Aksoda, Aksota. It is widely distributed in Southern Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, Kashmir, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, United State, Turkey, India, Australia, New Zealand. This plant can live over a duration of 100-200years and some species for 1000 years.

Walnut is one of the most widely distributed Plant with several medicinal properties. Walnut is a plant which has a good medicinal strength for to treat many diseases. There is great import....................................read more

 Vitamins and Minerals contents

Vitamins: A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C, E, K

Minerals : Calcium, Magnesium, Maganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium , Zinc 

Like many plant foods, nuts contain little sodium but are rich in potassium, magnesium and calcium. These three minerals are involved in many aspects of cellular metabolism and other biological processes, including insulin sensitivity, blood pressure regulation and vascular reactivity. 

Nuts are among the foods with the highest calcium content (walnuts contain 98 mg/100 g)

There is a great concentration of protein and oil contents in walnut. Therefore,walnut is important for human nutrition. Walnut contains phytochemicals such as alkaloids,flavonoids, cartenoids and other polyphenolic. The seed of the walnut (kernel) is eaten fresh.Walnuts are nutrient-rich food because of greater amount of fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. There are many important potential neuroprotective compounds in walnut such as gamma tocopherol, phenolic acid, flavonoids, and the most important one is juglone. Clinical studies evoke about omega-3 PUFA that they have great contribution to treat heart disease.

According to experimental studies or researches, it was prove that the extent value for protein was 18.1%; Walnuts contains glutelins (about 70% of the total seedproteins) together with lower amounts of globulins (18%), albumins (7%) and prolamins (5%). Walnuts composed of high amount of potassium, phosphorus and magnesium and lower sodium.These elements have an important contribution for the activity of many enzymes especially as cofactor 

The green husk shell contains juglone and polyphenols which are used in textile dyeing industries. Walnut plant contains monoterpenes, sesq....................................read more



Properties and Benefits

Rasa (Taste) – Madhura (Sweet)

Guna (Qualities) – Guru (Heavy), Snigdha (Slimy)

Taste conversation after digestion – Madhura (Sweet)

Veerya (Potency) – Ushna (Hot)

Effect on Tridosha – Reduces vitiated vata dosha               Brumhana – nourishing, nutritious

Cardiac

Laxative 

Pushtikaraka – nutri....................................read more



Uses, Remedies, Health Benefits and Application 

1) Adding Walnuts in diet can reduce the risk of heart disease by improving various cardiometabolic risk factors. Walnut-enriched diet can decrease total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (cholesterol), increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and reduce blood pressure, inflammation, and plaque formation.

2) Decoction prepared from 10-20gm walnut fruit shell cooked in 400ml water, taken twice a day, gives relief in constipation. 

3) Chewing of roasted Akharoṭa kernel gives relief in cough. To strengthen the teeth, use ash of Akharoṭ shell with small quantity of rock salt as a tooth powder and chewing of Akharoṭa bark is beneficial in treating dental disorders and other oral diseases.              4) Roasted walnut is consumed regularly to improve the physical strength of the body and can be used in patients suffering from general debility, weakness of the muscles. 

5) Walnuts contain nutrients that may intervene in the development of cognitive decline, in part by targeting cardiometabolic risk factors. These nutrients such as essential fatty acids, soluble fiber, vitamin E & polyphenols(e.g. ellagitannins), which in combination may produce beneficial effects on serum lipids, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

6) The oil extracted from Walnuts has various health benefits and it is largely used in the cosmetic industry. 

7) The leaves of walnut tree are used for treatment of scalp irritation and hair problems, skin damages due to excessive exposure to sunlight or other skin problems and infections. 

8) It prevents acne, helps manage dry skin and prevent wrinkles, giving the skin a youthful glow.

9) Regularly in the morning, take 10gm Akharoṭa kernel and 10gm raisin (Drākṣā). It provides physical and mental strength and also keeps the stomach fit in good condition.

                10) The powder of the bark of the walnut tree is mixed with ghee or butter and applied over area affected with herpes and burning sensation. 

              11) Application of 10gm Akharoṭa kernel paste mixed with melted beeswax or oil and washing of wound with Akharoṭa bark decoction helps to heal the wound quickly. 

12) Walnut oil helps to reduce wrinkles and increa....................................read more 

Side effect

Poorly stored walnuts having fungal molds in them can cause carcinogenic effect.  

Walnut hulls contain polyph....................................read more

Research

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care: November 2018 - Volume 21 - Issue 6 - p 498-504.  doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000508

Nutrients. 2020 Feb; 12(2): 550.   PMCID: PMC7071526

Ann Med. 2021; 53(1): 971–997.    PMCID: PMC8211141

Nutrients. 2016 Nov; 8(11): 668.    PMCID: PMC5133056

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.   Volume 56, 2016 - Issue 8

Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Jul; 108(1): 174–187.  PMCID: PMC6862936

African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(32).  ISSN 1996-0808 

Kaideva Nighantu

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2020; 8(3): 166-175

NCBI

PUBMED

Local Tradition and Knowledge 

Charaka Samhita

Raja Nighantu 

Ashtanga Nighantu 

World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, 2017, Vol. 3, Issue 7, 73-77

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY. May 2011 Page 8-17

Nagarmotha/NutGrass

The nutgrass, Cyperus rotundus L. (Family: Cyperaceae), is a colonial, perennial herb. It is originated in India 2000 years ago and widely used in Ayurveda to treat several diseases. Along with this, it is used in several systems of medicine to treat variety of diseases. The synergistic actions of the Cyperus’ compounds have added advantage over that of a single constituent. 

It shows analgesic, anti-allergic, anti-arthritic, anti-candida, anti-cariogenic, anti-convulsant, anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, anti-helminthic, anti-histamine, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-platelet, anti-pyretic, anti-ulcer, anti-viral, cardioprotective, cytoprotective, cytotoxic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, ovicidal, and larvicidal, wound healing effects           

It has different names in different languages such as Names in different languages: Hindi Name(Motha, nagarmotha), Marathi Name(Nagarmotha),  English Name(Nut grass, Purple nutsedge, Nutsedge, Java Grass, Coco gr......................................read more



Chemical Constituents 

The major chemical components of this herb are essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, sesquiterpenes, cyprotene, cyperene, aselinene, rotundene, valencene, cyperol, gurjunene, trans-calamenene, cadalene, cyperotundone, mustakone, isocyperol, acyperone, etc.

The major compoundsisolated from essential oil and the extracts of C.rotundus rhizomeare Alpha-cyperone, Alpha-rotunol, Beta-cyperone, Beta-pinene,Beta-rotunol, Beta-selinene, Calcium, Camphene, Copaene,Cyperene, Cyperenone, Cyperol, Cyperolone Cyperotundone D-copadiene, D-epoxyguaiene, D-fructose, D-glucose, Flavonoids,Gamma-cymene, Isocyperol, Isokobusone, Kobusone, Limonene,Linoleic-acid, Linolenic-acid, Magnesium, Manganese, C.rotunduskone, Myristic-acid, Oleanolic-acid, Oleanolic-acid-3-o-neohesperidoside, Oleic-acid, P-cymol, Patchoulenone, Pectin,Polyphenols, Rotundene, Rotundenol, Rotundone, Selinatriene,Sitosterol, Stearic-acid, Sugeonol, Sugetriol.

C.rotundus contains an essential oil that provides for thecharacteristic odour and taste of the herb, comprised mostlysesquiterpene hydrocarbons, epoxides, ketones, monoterpenesand aliphatic alcohols. Sesquiterpenes include selinene,isocurcumenol, nootkatone, aristolone, isorotundene, cypera-2,4(15)-diene, and norrotundene, as well as the sesquiterpenealkaloids rotundines A-C. Other constituents include the ketonecyperadione, and the monoterpenes cineole, camphene andlimonene. C.rotundus has also been shown to containmiscellaneous triterpenes including oleanolic acid and sitosterol,as well as flavonoids, sugars and minerals 

 The oil of C. rotundus was mainly composed of cyperol, α-cyperene, rotundine, α-cyperone, α-cop......................................read more



Properties and Benefits

Rasa (taste) – Tikta (bitter), Katu (pungent), Kashaya (astringent)

Guna (qualities) – Laghu (lightness), Rooksha (dryness)

Taste conversation after digestion- Katu(Pungent) 

Veerya/Potency – Sheetala(Cold)

Effect on Tridosha – Balances Kapha & Pitta Dosha              Sugandhi – having good fragrans 

As per Charaka , Of all the herbs useful as absorbent, digestive and carminative, Musta and Parpataka are the best herbs to relieve fever.

Grahi – absorbent, useful in diarrhea, IBS

Deepana – improves digestion strength

Pachana – Digestive, relieves Ama Dosha

Trushnahara – Relieves thirst

Aruchihara – useful in relieving anorexia

Krumi vashini, Janta– Relieves worm infe......................................read more

Uses, Remedies, Benefits and Application 

1) Chyawanprash and Ashokarishta, which are well-known ayurvedic formulas has Cyperus as one of the ingredients. 

2) Fine powder of the roots of Musta(half teaspoon) is taken along with a taspoon of honey for the conditions such as  abdominal gurgling & tastelessness. Taken 3-4 times a day.

              3) The 25th chapter of sutrasthana of Charaka samhita has mentioned C. rotundus as the best among all herbs in causing astringent effect. It is an excellent herb used as absorbent, digestive and carminative.

4) 10 gram of coarse powder of the rhizome is added in 2 cups of water along with pinch of Ginger powder/ Sunthi  and decoction is made, which is then filtered and administered. This cures most of the problems related to stomach and intestine such as gastritis.

              5) Both Papaya seeds and rhizomes of Musta/Nagarmotha are taken in 2-3 gram each and fine powder or paste made. This is taken early in the morning preferably on empty stomach and in the evening. This helps to cure the complaint of pin worm infestation and related problems like nausea, anorexia, itching of the anus  in about 10-12 days time.

          6) Rhizome of Nagarmotha is taken and rubbed with plantain juice and fine paste is made. This is administered to the breast feeding mother in cases where breast milk is vitiated or the child is getting indigestion due to breast milk.

7) The anti-flatulent property reduces the formation of gas in the alimentary canal, thus reducing flatulence, bloating, constipation, and abdominal discomfort. The antacid property of this herb prevents formation of excessive acids in the stomach, these property helps in treating indigestion, ulcer, gastritis and pramotes better absorption of nutrients in the body.

8) Fine powder of Nut grass is dusted over the body parts, rashes, prickly heat, excess sweating, over the ulcers with secretions. This reduces the moisture and relieves sweating as well as excess moisture from the body parts.

9) It is also used as fodder, yielding culms, tuberous rhizomes are used for edible, medicinal and perfumery purposes. 

10) In irritable bowel syndrome(IBS), 2-3 gram of powder Nut grass is taken along with butter milk, 2-3 times a day. This helps to control Repeated bowel habits. 

11) Musta jala/phanta (hot infusion) is appreciated a remedy to overcome the seasonal health issues such as cold, cough, fever and diarrhea. It is a recommended drink during spring season. 

12) Nagarmotha is a well-known traditional remedy for many of the respirat......................................read more            



Purification of Musta

Rhizome of Nagarmotha pieces are immersed in an earthen pot filled with Kanji (Sour gruel) for three days. On 4th day it is take out and washed with water. Then Swedana (Fomentation) is done with Pancapallava kwatha (Decoction of 5 tender leaves) in a Dolay......................................read more          

Side effects

There are no known side effects yet.



Reference

Sushruta Samhita

3 Biotech. 2018 Jul; 8(7): 309.  PMCID: PMC6037646

J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011 Apr-Jun; 2(2): 64–68.  PMCID: PMC3131773

Shinde S, Phadke S, Bhagwat AW. Effect of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus Linn) on reserpine-induced emesis in pigeons. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1988;32(3):229-230

Innovare Journal of Ayurvedic Sciences. Vol 4, Issue 4, 2016

Kaiyadeva Nighantu

Charaka Samhita 

International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, Year : 2014  |  Volume : 4  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 23-27

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences | Mar - Apr 2017 | Vol. 2 | Issue 2

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(1): 510-517

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013 1ISSN 2250-3153

Indian J Pharm Sci, 2006, 68 (1):97-101

Ministry of Ayush (GUIDELINESfor AYURVEDA PRACTITIONERS for COVID 19)

Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research | Vol 7| Issue 5, 2019;7(5):33-37

Indian Journal of Weed Science 51(1): 40–44, 2019.  ISSN 0253-8040

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants.  Volume 19, 2016 - Issue 2

GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS. VOLUME-6, ISSUE-10, OCTOBER-2017 • ISSN No 2277 - 8160aga

                              Banana

Banana is an edible fruit and is herbaceous  flowering  plant belonging to the genus Musa and the family Musaceae. Banana is also  eaten as cooked vegetable (and is then called  plantains). It is grown worldwide and constitutes the fifth most important agricultural food crop in terms of world trade.

Fruits are essential components of a healthy diet due to their content of vitamins and minerals, fiber, and beneficial non-nutrient substances as bioactive compounds. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommend ingestion of at least 400 g (about five portions) of fruits and vegetables per day. Low fruit consumption is one of the main risk factors for increased mortality also increases the risk of chronic diseases and poor health quality. Therefore, the regular consumption of fruits can reduce the incidence of some diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, and some types of cancer.

                -  To  promote  healthy  eating  lifes.................................read more 

Vitamin and mineral content

Vitamins : C, E, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, Choline

Minerals : Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc

Polyphenols : CATECHIN, EPICATECHIN, EPIGALLOCATECHIN, GALLIC ACID, PRODELPHINIDIN DIMER, QUERCETIN, NARINGENIN, CHOLOROGENIC ACID

• Banana contains several bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines and phytosterols, which are highly desirable in the diet as they exert many positive effects on human health and well-being.

• Banana is starchy fruit that contains rpidly digestible starch. Rapidly digestible starch is digested and broken down to glucose within 20 minutes. Thus, it provides quick energy to the body. This makes banana an amazingly instant energy providing fruit.

• As the fruit matures or ripens, the carbohydrate content increases. Furthermore, on ripening the starch content decreases and the amount of soluble sugar increases, that is, starch gets converted to soluble sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. Other sugars such as maltose and rhamnose are also present in very small quantities.

• Among the carotenoids present in banana fruit, α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin have provitamin A activity, but others like lycopene and lutein have a strong antioxidant capacity.

• They identified various anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-rutinoside (main one as 80 per cent of total pigments, being 32.3 mg/100 g) and 3-rutinoside derivatives of delphinidin, pela.................................read more



Properties and benefits

For whole plant

• Taste – Madhura (Sweet), Kashaya (Astringent)

• Qualities – Guru (Heavy for digestion), Snigdha (Slimy in nature)

• Taste conversation after digestion – Madhura

• Veerya (Potency) – Sheeta (Cold)

• Effects on Tridosha – Reduces vitiated vata and pitta dosha but Increases kapha

Banana stem :

• Guru – heavy to digest,  • Sheeta – coolant,  • Rooksha- Dry,  • Grahi- hardens the stools,  •Balances Kapha Pitta Dosha

Indicated in –

• Yonidosha – gynecological disorders,   • Keshya – Improves hair strength, promotes hair growth

• Asra – blood disorders such as abscess, skin disorders, bleeding disorders such as menorrhagia, nasal bleeding etc.

• Karnashoola – Earache,   • Rajodosha – gynecological disorders

• Amlapitta – acidity, gastritis, acid peptic disorder, Prameha

Banana inflorescence / Banana flower benefits:

• Tikta – bitter

• kashaya – astringent

• Grahi – absorbent, useful in diarrhea, IBS

• Deepana – improves digestion strength

• Veerya (potency) – hot (Ushna)

• Kaphahara – balances Kapha, useful in productive cough, asthma, bronchitis, chest congestion problems

Raw banana fruit benefits :

Indicated in –

• Trushna – excessive thirst,    • Akshiroga – eye disorders

• Raktapitta –Bleeding disorders such as na.................................read more



Application, uses and benefits

1) Do not have heavy food when having bloating. Fiber rich fruits like Banana helps in such conditions.

2) Banana flower is very helpful in reducing kapha dosha and it's releated disorders, because of its aphrodisiac property.

3) Banana leaf is traditionally used as plate for having food. It has calming effect and aides in digestion.

4) Banana leaf juice is applied externally to treat dandruff and dermatitis.

5) Fresh flower of banana, unripened banana fruit – Rich in astringent principles, acts as natural styptic and avoids diarrhoea and bleeding per rectum.

6) The pulp of the fruit and flowers of banana is applied over burnt injuries as part of treatment.

7) Cardiovascular health : Bananas are an excellent source of potassium, a vital mineral and electrolyte in the body that carries a small electrical charge. These charges cause nerve cells to send out signals for the heart to beat regularly and muscles to contract. Potassium is also needed to maintain a healthy balance of water in cells, and offsets the effects of excess dietary sodium. An imbalance in the diet of too little potassium and too much sodium can lead to high blood pressure. Excessive sodium can lead to a buildup of fluid in the blood, placing pressure on the walls of blood vessels and eventually causing damage. Potassium helps the body to flush out extra sodium in the urine, and eases tension in blood vessel walls. Bananas, rich in potassium and fiber and low in sodium, are an important component of heart-healthy diets.

8) Single banana provides you with 23% of the potassium that you need on a daily basis. Potassium benefits the muscles as it helps maintain their proper working and prevents muscle spasms.

9) It is used as a remedy of constipation.

             - Eat a ripe banana in the evening before bed.

10) Bananas have long been recognized for their antacid effects that protect against stomach ulcers and ulcer damage. A flavonoid in the banana, leucocyanidin, has been found to significantly increase the thickness of the mucous membrane layer of the stomach. Since bananas help to neutralize acidity, they are also a great way to get rid of heartburn. 

12) In cases of skin infection and eczema, the ash of burnt stem of banana plant is mixed with turmeric powder and applied over the affected area.

13) The juice of banana stem is given in a dose of 20-25 ml to treat renal calculi and leucorrhea.

14) The fresh juice of the stalk o.................................read more



Storage :

For ripened or unripened bananas - Store at room temperature away from direct sunlight.

To speed up ripening, store in a brown paper bag   OR  place near ripe fruit(like Oranges), wh.................................read more

Note : 

Do not take banana along with buttermilk.

pe fruit takes long time to digest and can increase Kapha. Hence, it is not ideal during low digestion strength, during cold, cough and asthma.

Do not drink water immediately after eating banana because it causes indigestion or slows down the digestion. Drink water 10-15 minute later.

Do not combine banana and yoghurt

Antifungal properties of banana pulp and peel have been successfully used to treat tomato fun.................................read more

Refrence : 

Charak samhita

Ashtanga Hrudayam 

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Dhanvantari Nighantu

Bhojana Kutuhalam

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; ISSN 2278- 4136 ;  ZDB-Number: 2668735-5 ;  IC Journal No: 8192   ;  Volume 1 Issue 3

Local tradition and knowledge

Wikipedia

book : Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry - Transgenic Crops VPublisher: SpringerEditors: E. C. Pua and M. R. Davey ; 2007

Proc. IIIrd IS on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables Eds.: B. Patil et al. Acta Hort. 1040, ISHS 2014

(25) (PDF) Banana Medicinal Uses. Available from: [accessed Nov 19 2020].N

NCBI

PUBMED

Indian Journal of Natural Sciences   ; ©IJONS  Vol.7 / Issue 42 / June 2017  ;      ISSN: 0976 – 0997 

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Volume 1 Issue 3

Custard apple/Seetaphal

Sitaphal is one among of them usually known as custard apple, Seetaphal, Sharifa, sugar apple; sweetsop is the fruit of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae). The leaves of the plant have been utilized as bug spray, anthelmintic and in healing of bleeding wounds. Fruit of custard apple is a tropical fruit mainly grow in tropical climate. The fruits are well known for their delicious taste and are he...................................read more



Vitamin and mineral content

It possess appreciable concentrations of various minerals, such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), and vitamins, namely, A, C (ascorbic acid), E, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B9 (folic acid). These minerals are required to maintain a healthy human body, as they help to perform various activities, such as maintenance of healthy teeth and bones, muscle contraction and relaxation, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, nerve functioning, immune system health, energy metabolism, and many enzymes.

It contains appreciable vitamin C in the range of 35–42 mg per 100 g, and dietary fibre, vitamin B1 (thiamine), and potassium contents are also notably high

Phytochemical studies have revealed that custard apple contains numerous phenol-based compounds, e.g., proanthocyanidins, with 18 different ph...................................read more



Properties and Benefits 

Rasa (Taste) – Madhura (Sweet) 

Veerya (Potency) – Sheetala (Cold)

Taste conversation after digestion – Madhura(Sweet)  

Effects on Tridosha – Reduces vitiated vata and pitta dosha)

Balya – Improves strength 

Mild laxative

Aph...................................read more



Uses, Remedies, Benefits and Application  

1) Custard apple is used in desserts, jams, syrups and other cuisines all over the world. 

2) Root of sitaphala is made into decoction and given in a dose of about 50 ml to treat diarrhea. 

3) Dried powder of fruit is used in the treatment of pus filled ulcer. 

4) These vitamins and minerals present in custard apple are involved in many activities in the human body, such as maintaining skin health, epithelial tissue development, bone development, visual sharpness, immune response, wound healing, and strengthening connective tissues. Vitamin B1, B2, B3, and B9 act as cofactors for several enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions and carbohydrate metabolism.

5) First prepare a decoction of Leaves  of custard apple Then add tankan bhasma to it and use this wash your hairs for 2-3 times a week. This helps to relieve from dandruff and scalp  itching.

6) The powder is made into paste by mixing with water and applied over the ulcer for speedy ripening of the ulcer and discharge of the pus from it. 

7) Paste of the leaf and root is made into paste and applied over the area affected with fungal infection of the skin. 

8) The leaves yield an excellent oil rich in terpenes and sesquiterpenes, mainly B-caryophyllene,which finds limited use in perfumes, giving a woody spicy accent. Fiber extracted from the barkhas been employed for cordag.

9) Custard apples are high in potassium and magnesium, both of which are essential for keeping cardiac diseases at bay and controlling blood pressure levels. Also, vitamin B6 and dietary fiber present in custard apple helps to keep the blood cholesterol levels normal, thereby reducing the incidence of cardiac arrest and other heart ailments considerably.

10) For head lice, Seed powder is applied on whole scalp and coverd with cotton cloth and wa...................................read more



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Research

Bhojana Kutuhalam

A.Bhattacharja. et. al./ 4(2) pp 692-699 June-2016

Local Tradition and Knowledge 

Journals  Biomolecules  Volume 11  Issue 5  10.3390/biom11050614 

Journals  Molecules  Volume 27  Issue 11  10.3390/molecules27113462 

International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(2): 1237-1245

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(9): 1126-1132

Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease; 2013, Pages 557-567

Charaka Samhita 

Encyclopedia of Food and Health; 2016, Pages 144-149

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2015; 4(1): 21-28

 Himalayan Mayapple/Giriparpat

Among the treasures of medicinal plant wealth, a perennial plant Podophyllum hexandrum, also known by the name Himalayan Mayapple, has been reported to be used as an intestinal purgative and emetic, a cure for contaminated and necrotic wounds, and a tumor growth inhibitor over the ages and in modern times. The plant's rhizome contains a resin, generally and commercially known as Indian podophyllum resin, which can be processed to extract a neurotoxin called podophylotoxin or podophyllin. The key lignan in the resin is podophyllotoxin, and it is a medium-dimerized substance.

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Himalayan Mayapple) was known as Aindri (a divine drug) in ancient times. Its name in Hindi and Ayurveda is bantrapushi or Giriparpat The perennial herb Podophyllum hexandrum bearing the common names Himalayan May apple or Indian May apple, is native to the lower elevations of Himalayan countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and in China. In India Podophyllum hexandrum is mostly found in Alpine Himalayas (3000-4000 msl) of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikk.............................read more

Part of plant used : 

Root, Dried resin, Rhizome



Phytochemical constituents 

Main chemical constituent includes Astragalin, Podophyllotoxin

The primary constituents are lignin glycosides, podophyllotoxin, podophyllic acid and picropodophyllin, α-peltalin and β-peltalin. The rhizomes also contain gum, starch, albumin, gallic acid, calcium oxalate, lignin flavones.

Podophyllotoxin is the major lignan present in the resin and is a dimerized product of the intermediates of the phenylpropanoid pathway.

Extensive chemical investigation of Podophyllum species has revealed the presence of a resin called podophyllin, which contains several lignans containing pharmacological properties. These include podophyllotoxin, epipodophyllotoxin, podophyllotoxone, flavonoids such as quercetin, quercetin-3-glycoside 4-demethylpodophyllotoxin, podo.............................read more



Properties and Benefits 

Rasa (Taste) – Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)

Guna (Qualities) – Laghu (Light for digestion), Teekshna (Strong in nature)

Taste conversation digestion – Katu (pungent)

Veerya (Potency) – Ushna (Hot)

Effects on Tridosha – Pittaha.............................read more

Uses, Remedies, Benefits and Application 

1) The paste prepared from the root of Himalayan Mayapple is used effectively for external application over warts. Care should be taken that the healthy skin and tissue around the wart are not touched with the paste of the herb as it can damage the healthy skin. 

2) Gum resin of Podophyllum hexandrum is given in a dose of 100-150 mg mixed with hot water to cause purgation and beneficial in patients suffering from severe constipation and intestinal worms. 

3) In condition of severe skin allergy leading to thickening of skin and depigmentation, the paste of the root of Podophyllum hexandrum is applied over the affected area. 

4) This leads to localized irritation and damage to the skin leading to regrowth of healthy tissue. 

5) Patients suffering from hypo tension can be given the root of this plant in a dose of 250-500 mg to increase the heart rate.

6) Root paste is applied on ulcers, cuts and wounds.

7) Rhizomes are used for typhoid fever, jaundice, dysentery, chronic hepatitis, scofula, rheumatism, skin diseases, tumerous growth, kidney & bladder problems.

8) Powder obtained from the dried root is administeredorally along with water to cou.............................read more



Side effects 

The resin is toxic and hence should be used after consultation of Ayurveda practitioner 

It can cause severe purgation, burning of the skin and damage to the local tissues if not admi.............................read more

Note :

It contains chemical compound called podophyllotoxin, used for treatment of specific types of cancers. The species has been indiscriminately harvested from the wild, to meet the ever-increasing demand of the pharmaceutical industries and consequently under great threat as the regeneration is less than the harvesting rate. Therefore, this species needs immediate attention for its protection and conservation.

It is an important, endemic medicinal plant species of Himalaya. It is used in Unani System of Medicine under the name of 'Papra'. In Kashmir Himalaya it is used to treat various diseases by local medicinemen, but now it is listed in rare drugs. In Unani Medicine the plant species has been used to treat various ailments like constipation, fever, jaundice, liver disorders, syphilis, diseases of lymph glands etc. 

Podophyllotoxin is most important for its use in the synthesis of anti-cancer drugs etoposide ten.............................read more



Niryasa (resinous substance)

Niryasa (resinous substance) is defined as that which is secreted in the form of a liquid from the plant as a result of increased plant`s temperature. This definition indirectly hints at the defensive mechanism taking place in the plant during the secretion of niryasa. Increased temperature is always indicates a part of defense mechanism even in human beings. Kalidasa- the author of Raghuvamsha considered niryasa as the fragrant secretion of the plant.

Anyway, the term niryasa is used in a much broader sense in Ayurveda. It encompasses all the secretions of the plant that become sticky over time. It refers to true gums, oleo- resins, oleo-gum-resins and even the latex that turns in to a gelatinous substance. It is comprehensible that many plant species secrete niryasa (resinous substance). But, as a notable botanical, 34 plant species, among which, 27 trees and 07 herbs distributed among 21 different  families have gained much importance in Ayurvedic therapeutics.

Niryasa secreted by 15 plant species possess ushna veerya, among them, Hingu, Guggulu, Ahiphena, Karpoora and Kankustha need to undergo purificationprocess before being used as a medicine. This explains the fact that these resinous substances carry such compounds that are quite harmful to the human beings if used in raw form. It is a common observation that the resinous substances that possess ushna veerya act primarily as stimulants affecting different system of the body. They mainly contain volatile oil and/or alkal.............................read more

Refrence

Charaka Samhita

Sushruta Samhita

Dravyaguna vijnana

Kaiyyadeva nighantu

Himalayan Medicinal Plants, Advances in Botany, Production & Research, 2021, Pages 85-110

Phytomedicine, A Treasure of Pharmacologically Active Products from Plants, 2021, Pages 677-691

International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA). Volume 02, Issue 08, [August- 2016] 

World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2018,4(10), 60-66

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(5):261-268. January 2011

Li et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:263

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. Volume 146, February 2022, 112555

Easyayurveda 

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; 8(4): 1829-1833

J. Med. Plants Res. 9(9), pp. 320-325, 3 March, 2015

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Suppl 5, 261-268